Dog Whistle Politics Of The 1960s - 2333 Words

Jacob Garbison Professor Sean Trundle History 355 4 December 2014 Dog Whistle Politics of the 1960s On July 2, after signing the 1964 Civil Rights Act, President Lyndon B. Johnson reportedly said to his staff, â€Å"I think we just gave the South to the Republicans for your lifetime and mine.† (Perlstein 365) He was wrong. Although he never lived to see it, Jimmy Carter won a Democratic South in 1976 - but it was for the last time. Nonetheless, the party which had dominated the South for almost a century had put it up for grabs with the stroke of a pen. The impact of racism on presidential politics during the ‘60s is difficult to overstate. Race and racially coded language in particular played a profound role in the GOPs success at winning†¦show more content†¦Here, Wallace did something new. Gone were the overt references to white supremacy, segregation, or even race. Instead, he positioned himself as a defender of the constitution against tyrannical government overreach: â€Å"I stand here today, as Governor of this sovereign State, and refuse to willingly submit to illegal usurpation of power by the Central Government.† [1] Wallace went on, giving voice to the politics of the South in language that was palpable, even agreeable, to the North. The dramatic â€Å"Stand in the Door† was all for show of course. Wallace stood aside, allowing three black students to register for classes later that day, but the effects of the speech would have wide repercussions. Wallace received nearly 100,000 telegrams in response to his speech from all across the country, an almost unheard of number for a lowly Southern governor. More shocking still was that nearly all of them, about 95%, were praising his bravery. (Lopez, 15) â€Å"They all hate black people, all of them.† Wallace reportedly exclaimed, â€Å"They’re all afraid, all of them Great God! That’s it! They’re all Southern. The whole US is Southern!† (Lopez, 15) Wallace had discovered the dog whistle, a way to communicate racial animosity without using explicit racism. This is a distinctly modern expression of racism which, as Ian Haney Lopez says, â€Å"[stimulates] the intended audience without overtly

Essay on Opportunity Cost And The Free Market - 1736 Words

OPPORTUNITY COST THE FREE MARKET Scarcity is one of the most basic and crucial points to understand in microeconomics.1Scarcity means that we cannot have all the needs and wants to satisfy our desires. Scarcity can be applied to almost anything. Due to the scarcity of products we must make a choice of what we want. We must choose whether to do one thing or another by what we value to be most important to us. This, therefore, leads to us opportunity cost. Usually when one has to make a decision over what to do, buy, or build, it is narrowed down to two things. We might choose what satisfies our desires, what is more economical, or what is needed more. The choice that we do not take is our opportunity cost, the choice that we value†¦show more content†¦As shown on the diagram below if the government only builds schools then they are at point A, which means they are not building libraries, therefore not allocating resources. If they concentrate only on building libraries, and not schools, then they are at po int E. In order to build both they would need to place themselves at points B, C, and D. At point B there is a bigger production of schools and a small production of libraries. At point D, there is a larger production of libraries and a smaller production of schools. The most effective point would be C because they would concentrate all their efforts on both schools and libraries and therefore have the best allocation of resources and have no opportunity cost. All these factors combined are essential to making better economical decisions for any society. The production possibility curve helps deicide more efficient ways to distribute resources. Businesses and government have to find all the different possibilities, study them, and make the best decision on what is best to produce and what would bring in more profit. Opportunity cost can also help us understand what products a consumer might choose to buy and the best price for the product. This can also help companies decide on bett er ways to proceed with sales. The free market is a well-advanced state of economy in a society. Through this marketShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By International Businesses Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Businesses to seek for opportunity and chance to expand their business to a wider marketplace. There are many ways for international businesses to seek those opportunities, such as through exporting goods and services, starting a joint venture with a company, opening a branch for distributing goods, and giving license to produce goods. From these ways to seek opportunities, there are basically three major motives, such as resource seeking, market seeking, and efficiency seeking, whereRead MoreThe Cost Of Opportunity Cost1108 Words   |  5 PagesOpportunity cost can be defined as the price of a substitute that might be forgone in order to pursue an assured action. The forgone cost. Opportunity cost can also be defined as the best forgone alternative in a scenari o where a decision had to be made between some many mutually exclusive or inclusive alternatives (Mankiw, 2009). Simply put opportunity cost is what one is missing out when they make a choice. I could be watching a game of European Soccer or watching a rerun episode of Game of ThronesRead MoreThe Market1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Market 1. Explain the concepts of Comparative and Absolute Advantage. Having absolute advantage is the way to go; this is a win, win situation. For a country or company to have absolute advantage is a dream made in heaven. 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The cross elasticity of demand measures how quantity demanded of one good (albums) responds to a change in the price for anotherRead MoreRent Control Is An Interesting Topic Within Economics960 Words   |  4 PagesRent control has the ability to exponentially benefit or destroy cities. Rent control is a government enacted set of policies set in place in order to essentially make housing affordable for people incapable of paying the high free market price. In this essay, I will discuss the long and short term consequences of rent control; whom rent controls affect, how it affects these people and I will discuss the rent control in Ontario. Rent control is an interesting topic within economics. According toRead MoreThe Effects Of Free Trade On Economic And Social Human Rights1371 Words   |  6 PagesFree trade can be defined as the abolition of trade barriers and trade restrictions, and the encouragement of international trade. Free trade gives countries the ability to trade with markets that would have previously been unavailable, thus integrating and diversifying economies (Borghard, 2006, pg. 161). Free trade in practice, has negative and positive consequences for workers as well as consumers. While free trade agreements stimulate and build economies, this is often done at the expense ofRead MoreGlobalization Of The Marketplace Has Brought About Costs And Benefits For All Countries And Industries1247 Words   |  5 PagesRegionalism Briefing Introduction The globalization of the marketplace has brought about costs and benefits for all countries and industries. A main benefit of globalization for producers, like the those of us in the manufacturing industry is access to more customers however, competition also increases which decreases the potential for sales. Economic integrations are a part of global business that look to increase the efficiency of resources. Economic integrations and trading blocs are institutedRead MoreCase Report for Midland Energy Resources, Inc: Cost of Capital1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes Mortensen estimate Midlands cost of capital? What would be the potential consequences of a too high estimate compared to the firms â€Å"true† cost of capital? What about a too low estimate? The purpose is that the cost capital will be used for capital budgeting, financial accounting, performance assessment, stock repurchases estimations. Also the cost of capital is a necessary basis for the expected growth and forecasted demand. The too high estimated cost of capital means that Midland may miss

Group Dynamics For Teams Sage Publications â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Group Dynamics For Teams Sage Publications? Answer: Introduction In todays competitive world, teamwork or group in the workplace has become an important and common activity. Working in groups is challenging because different individuals have different personalities and opinions. The companies are fostering team work because it creates a healthy working environment and people are inspired to work and contribute more in their work. I am working as a team leader of a global IT company. There three different teams in my company. As the company is a start-up venture, the employees has to give their innovative ideas and work dedicatedly for the development of the company. The group in which I am involved consists of 12 members. There is an assistant team leader in every group who assist the members. The members in my group are every co-operative and they always support the team in difficult times. Though the team has emerged recently with 12 new joinees but the employees are very friendly and support each other in their work. Meetings are held in differ ent teams from time to time to discuss the different issues which are faced in the team. The employees also give their required feedbacks and opinion which will help to develop and improve the group (Silk et al., 2014). Communication and interaction pattern Whenever people are together in a group, they communicate and share their ideas. This communication may be helpful as well as harmful to the group. I communicate with my team members on a regular basis and this helps me to understand their problems and solve their problems. This also helps me in maintaining proper relationships with my team members. Proper communication and interaction pattern has also helped me to present a unified image in the group. The best way which I adopt is to observe, assess and understand my team members. Proper communication and interaction is vital so as to understand the goals of the group. It also helps in enhancing proper relationship among the group members. As I am the team leader of a small group, communication makes it easier for me to co-ordinate their efforts. Moreover, the other members who have joined the team recently also feel motivated and satisfied of working in the group. It also becomes easier to share information for me if all the member s communicate properly in the group. I can also analyze the personal contribution of the employees and understand their problems through proper communication. If there are more than 12 members in my group, it will be difficult for me to manage the entire team as I cannot personally interact with the team members. I will have no time to appreciate or motivate them. Thus, the relationship will get distorted if there is no proper communication and interaction among the employees (Schnzel Smith, 2014). Group cohesion Cohesion includes the degree to which the individuals in a group will work to achieve the goals. The members in a group must have a common goals and visions. They must also have common interest. The members must have constant touch with each other and there must be effective interpersonal communication within the group members. It is also important that the members interact with each other in a group. In may team, it can be said that we had close relation with each other. It was not only my duty to understand the problems of the team members but there were senior members who also helped the junior team members. We always tried to work towards the common goals and aims of the company. This has helped and motivated us and thus helped my team members to perform better(Mulvey, Rizzo Killen, 2016). Social integration and influence Social integration is the status, role and norm of group dynamics that helps the members to stay fit and be accepted in the group. These norms, rules and status helps to avoid personal conflict between the members in the group. The group cannot function effectively and fairly if there is no proper social integration within the team members. Moreover, social influence may have both normative and informational influence. Normative influence helps in fulfilling the desired requirements of the team members whereas informational influence is accepting and persuasion of the information which is provided by other members in the group. If there is too much compliance and conformity within the team, it results in strong social influence in the hierarchies and roles and thus affects group work. This can also have negative influence on the team members because the members cannot contribute their ideas and creativity for the development of the team(Kolstad, Pires Wiig, 2017). There is also cert ain accounting of predictability, compliances and conformity which is necessary to help the members to understand their desired goals and objectives. In case of my team, it can be said that there is proper social integration among the members. The senior members with the assistance of the team leader and the assistant team leaders influence other members and help them to achieve their desired goals. As the team leader of the group, I personally interact with each member and try to handle their queries and problems. I also take care that there is no individual conflict between the team members so that their work life does not get affected. There should be a competitive spirit in the team which will motivate other members to perform better. Moreover, the company in which I work develop the norms which help the team members to be comfortable in their job role. The employees must feel that their perception and ideas are valued and this will motivate them for further group interaction (L evi, 2015). Group Culture Culture in a group is defined as the customs, beliefs and traditions. It is also the preferred way of doing business in the group in such a way so that the aims and goals in the business are commonly understood. The interpersonal styles of the individuals, values and preferences that come from different cultures and groups must be blended in such a way so that the group develops further (Jackson et al., 2017). It is also important to value each member in the group and thus it involves facilitating and exploring the ideas of the group members. In case of my team, it can be said that all the members in the team adhere to the common goals and objectives of the group. There are certain other organisations that have provided sponsorship to our company and thus it has helped our company to expand further. Moreover, proper interaction within the team members also facilitated group work. Multicultural differences also play an important role in group culture. As the members in the team come f rom different cultural background, it is necessary to respect their ideologies and thus help them to attain their specific goals (Hou et al., 2013). Factors which contributed to the development of both the healthy and the unhealthy aspects of group dynamics There are certain important factors which are affecting group dynamics and it is essential to understand them for the development of the team. Leadership is a vital factor which is playing an important role in group dynamics. It is often seen that the members in a group imitate the team members. In case of my team, it can be said that leadership plays an important role. The team members try to imitate the ideologies which we follow and thus contribute accordingly in the group (Dunlop, Falk Beauchamp, 2013). In certain cases, it can be said that communication plays an important role in group dynamics. In order to understand the problems of team members in the group, it is necessary to communicate and respect their ideologies so that they will feel motivated and work for the business development of the team. Moreover, as a team leader it is vital that I do not misuse my power to dominate the team. However, I must try to understand their problems and try to solve it so that they do not feel disappointed or distressed. They must be inspired so that they can contribute for the development and betterment of the company (Beauchamp Eys, 2014). Suggestions to improve group dynamics To improve the strength to team dynamics, there are certain strategies and steps which must be followed. It is important to stay focused and pay more attention to communication. Moreover, to hold a responsible position, it is necessary to define the roles and responsibilities so that the team members can follow them accordingly. It is also necessary that the team leader respects the ideologies of the members so as that they do not feel disappointed or distracted. It must also be checked that the competition among the different team does not get too serious or else it will affect the team members. Competition must be healthy and the leaders must not disrupt the competition. Moreover, loyalty also plays an important role in group dynamics and this helps the team to develop. It is also important that the personal efforts of the team members get recognition so that they will be motivated and work for the development of the team (Hogg Terry, 2014).. Reference List Beauchamp, M. R., Eys, M. A. (Eds.). (2014).Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology. Routledge. Dunlop, W. L., Falk, C. F., Beauchamp, M. R. (2013). How dynamic are exercise group dynamics? Examining changes in cohesion within class-based exercise programs.Health Psychology,32(12), 1240. Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J. (Eds.). (2014).Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. Hou, A., Parker, L. C., Balogh, M. L., McGee, S. L., Wilman, D. J., Connelly, J. L., ... Finoguenov, A. (2013). Do group dynamics play a role in the evolution of member galaxies?.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,435(2), 1715-1726. Jackson, J. C., Bilkey, D., Jong, J., Rossignac-Milon, M., Halberstadt, J. (2017). Strangers in a Stadium: Studying Group Dynamics With In Vivo Behavioral Tracking.Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1948550617709112. Kolstad, I., Pires, A. J. G., Wiig, A. (2017). Within-group heterogeneity and group dynamics: Analyzing exit of microcredit groups in Angola.Oxford Development Studies,45(3), 338-351. Levi, D. (2015).Group dynamics for teams. Management. Mulvey, K. L., Rizzo, M. T., Killen, M. (2016). Challenging gender stereotypes: Theory of mind and peer group dynamics.Developmental science,19(6), 999-1010. Schnzel, H. A., Smith, K. A. (2014). The socialization of families away from home: Group dynamics and family functioning on holiday.Leisure Sciences,36(2), 126-143. Silk, M. J., Croft, D. P., Tregenza, T., Bearhop, S. (2014). The importance of fissionfusion social group dynamics in birds.Ibis,156(4), 701-715.

Object-Oriented Database Management Systems Essays -

Object-Oriented Database Management Systems The construction of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems started in the middle 80's, at a prototype building level, and at the beginning of the 90's the first commercial systems appeared. The interest for the development of such systems stems from the need to cover the modeling deficiencies of their predecessors, that is the relational database management systems. They were intended to be used by applications that have to handle big and complex data such as Computer Aided Engineering, Computer Aided Design, and Office Information Systems. The area of the OODBMSs is characterized by three things. First, it lacks a common data model. There is no common data model although many proposals can be found in the literature. This is a more general problem of all the object-oriented systems not only the database management systems. Since the data model determines the database language of the system, which in turn determines the implementation of the system, we can understand that the differences between the various systems with different data models can be big and substantial. Second is the common theoretical framework. Although there is no standard object-oriented model, most object-oriented database systems that are operational or under development today share a set of fundamental object-oriented concepts. Therefore the implementation issues in OODBMSs that arise due to these concepts are universal. The third characteristic is that of experimental activity. Plenty of prototypes have been implemented and some ! of them became commercial products. There is really a need for applications to handle very complex data and that is why the interest of people in building such systems is so strong. Although there is no consensus on what an OODBMS is and which are the features that differentiate it from other systems, there has been a lot of effort for an agreement on defining the formal characteristics that can stand as the set of specification requirements for the construction of such a system. These should also be used as the set of features that one has to check in order to find out if a system is really an OODBMS. The features of the OODBMS can be divided as follows: * mandatory features: these are the features that one system should have in order to deserve the title OODBMS. * optional features: these are the features that if one system has, should be considered better than another that does not have them, provided that both have all the mandatory features. * open choices: these are features that a designer of a system can choose if and how to implement. They represent the degrees of freedom left to the system designers. An OODBMS should be a database management system and at the same time an object oriented system. The first characteristic is translated to the following features: persistence, concurrency, recovery, secondary storage management, and ad hoc query mechanisms. The second characteristic is translated to the following: composite objects, object-identity, encapsulation, inheritance overriding and late binding, extensibility, and computational completeness of the database language used. Composite objects can be built recursively from simpler ones by applying constructors to them. These simpler objects can be integers, characters, strings, booleans, and in general objects of types that all the programming languages possess. There are various constructors such as list, set, bag, array, tuple, etc. The minimal set of constructors that a system must have is: set (to represent unordered collections of real world objects), list (to represent ordered collections of real world objects), tuple (to represent properties of real world objects). A system that supports composite objects and therefore constructors for their building, should also support operators for the retrieval, insertion, and deletion of their component objects. That means that the database language should be extended in a way that these operators will be included. The identity of an object is what makes it different from all the other objects. This allows the objects to be independent of their values. Therefore the notion of identical objects is introduced: two objects are equal if they have the same values, but are identical if they have the same object identity. The fact that each object possesses an identity facilitates the handling of composite objects since it makes the common use of objects possible and it protects the consistency of the database. If a component object is changed, this change affects all the composite objects that reference it. Due to the object identity, there is no need for replicates, and that is how the consistency of the database is protected. The mechanism of encapsulation allows the hiding of the internal

American Central Banking Impact

American Central Banking Impact Free Online Research Papers American Central Banking and Oil and the Impact of their Visual Depictions By: Teodor Serbanescu Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Humanities Arts Requirement Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, Massachusetts This Seminar in the History of Science and Technology and the History of Scientific and Technical Illustration is the culmination of my five Humanities and Arts courses at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Every class, in some way, related to the theme of the seminar, and helped maximize my final product. For example, HI 2314 set up a foundation of basic American history for me to build upon. HI1312 discussed American social history, which taught me about public opinions and behaviors through time. EN2211 helped improve my writing skills, which was crucial to my success in the seminar. Also, HI2331 and HI2332 taught me the history behind science and technology over a period of two centuries. The subject of the actual seminar was more focused on the technical images throughout the history of science, which required me to do some research that I have not done previously. The paper that I wrote was about American central banking and oil and the impact of their technical depictions. It ti es into the theme of the seminar because central banking and oil companies were, in a way, a type of science, and the images related to them and impacted them in a strong way. Introduction Since the nineteenth century, central banking and the oil industry have been areas of importance in regard to the shaping of American politics and society. Central banking and the Federal Reserve System have played a significant role in the country’s finances, but have also been scowled at by a number of people, especially during its early years. The oil business has affected our country in a variety of ways as well, and also has been frowned open at times. During this time, artists have drawn images in newspapers and magazines that portray what is happened in the country. Additionally, these images are drawn mainly to provide a theme of controversy, such as the one that banking and oil have provided. Central banking and the oil industry have been scrutinized with visual imagery throughout history, often times to depict their true nature to the public. Central Banking America’s first bank was founded by Alexander Hamilton in 1871. It was modeled after the Bank of England. Unlike today’s banks, it did not hold all of America’s money supply, rather only about 20%. The Bank was opposed by some, most notably Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who thought that the system would lead to corruption, manipulation, and misuse. Five years later, a second bank was created to improve the first. The second bank, like the first, did not have an official name. It was structured mostly the same as the first bank, except it expanded across the US and was allowed to hold more money. However, the bank’s downfall was due to President Andrew Jackson, who denounced the bank in 1830 and claimed it to be a source of corruption. The image above is a political cartoon published in an 1832 newspaper. This drawing was inspired by Andrew Jackson’s battle with the second bank of the United States; Jackson vetoed the bank in 1832, saying that it served mainly to make the rich richer. Jackson told his vice president, Martin Van Buren, â€Å"The bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!† These words are portrayed in the above cartoon quite literally. While analyzing this picture, a few things are obvious: the main characters are Andrew Jackson, a young man, and the green monster, and it takes place in a bedroom at night. The bedroom belongs to Andrew, the young man is Andrew’s butler, and the green monster is the portrayal of the bank; I can only assume this through logic reasoning. Andrew Jackson is holding a sword and trying to attack the monster ‘bank’, while his butler is holding him back, and the monster is in an offensive position as well. The implications and themes of t his picture are as follows: Andrew Jackson is a small old man with a brave heart (a characteristic that is generally favored among people), because he is trying to fight a huge monster. The young butler is trying to hold Andrew back from this monster (this adds a comical affect). And the monster ‘bank’ is trying to attack Jackson (monsters are generally un-favored among people). When putting these three generalizations together, people during that time, and even today, will get the idea that the bank is evil and Jackson is brave and noble, which is exactly what the artist most likely intended. It turned out that Jackson was in fact favored by the majority of people, and succeeded in his battle with the bank; whether or not this newspaper cartoon had an impact on that is a question that cannot be answered, but I believe the answer is yes. After the downfall of the second bank, the Free Banking Era emerged. It lasted from 1837 to 1862. Each state was allowed to govern their own interest rates, loans, and other finances. Nevertheless, banks still existed, but only locally. In 1863, the National Banking Act was passed and a national currency was introduced. The system had certain flaws, such as the inability to back up their money with treasuries. This lead to the Panic of 1907, in which the government came to the conclusion that separate national banks were insufficient, and a main central bank was needed. The picture above is another political cartoon, published in 1908 by the Pioneer Press. It reads, â€Å"Uncle Sam’s Need Of An Elastic Currency // President Roosevelt: â€Å"You see, those galluses ought to have rubber in them, so that when Uncle Same stoops to move the sheaf there won’t be much strain on the buttons.†Ã¢â‚¬ 1 Galluses is an old way of saying a pair of suspenders for trousers, and sheaf is another way of saying a pile.2 What Roosevelt is implying is that the US government needs an elastic money supply in order to move the money to different locations. He is personifying the US bank as Uncle Sam, the ‘galluses’ as the money supply, the ‘sheaf’ as the portion of the money to be moved, and the buttons as the finance center. In this picture, the artist portrays Roosevelt’s analogy in a clever way. He drew Uncle Same about to ‘move the sheaf’, as Roosevelt had mentioned, and even drew out some of the impl ications that he made. For example, Uncle Sam’s ‘Galluses’ are drawn out and labeled ‘US Currency’, the buttons are labeled â€Å"Finance Center†, and the ‘sheaf’ is labeled ‘The Crops’, which is another term for the goods or money to be moved. The artist also added two gentlemen watching and Uncle Sam with a pondered look upon their faces; one of the men has ‘Congress’ written on his hat, implying that congress is overseeing this process and looking for ways to improve it. The humor is that Roosevelt took the serious idea of an elastic money supply, and created this witty scenario that we have above. The effects that this image had on the public, other than being funny, was to inform them about this new idea and raise their support towards it through amusement. After the Free Banking Era, in 1913, the Federal Reserve System came to power. This system was not exactly part of the government, but too far away from it either. It was responsible for holding money and deposits from other banks, i.e. reserving it, also called the ‘banker’s bank’. Since then, the Fed has gone through a number changes and provisions. Today, the Fed employs a monetary policy, which gives it the power to change prices, taxes, and credits to ensure positive economic growth in the country. It is responsible for controlling our national finance and debt. This cartoon was drawn by Greg Strid in 2007 and named ‘Uncle Sam’s Credit Brothel’. It portrays the Federal Reserve as sort of vacuum machine, sucking up the money coming from the window of the store. The store, labeled ‘Uncle Sam’s Brothel’ is in flames. Also, the man is driving the machine, with a hat labeled ‘Ben’, he has an unhappy look on his face. You can tell that the setting is during the early 1900s, because the automobile and store is made of wood. There is also a sign on the other side of the building saying ‘Moral Majority Entrance’.1 The implication of ‘Uncle Sam’s Credit Brothel’ is to represent an ordinary bank during that time, and brothel is used to represent the money and credits, not actual prostitutes, as the word actually means. The message that the artist is trying to send here is that the Federal Reserve is destroying small town banks by coming through the back entrance, i.e. using politics to destroy them, not actual force. The driver, named Ben, has a sad expression on his face because he is portrayed as an average working citizen. Oil Industry Oil has been around for thousands of years, but until the 1800s, oil was used for other purposes than fuel. It was used for disinfectants, vermin killers, hair oil, and boot grease. The oil industry in the US began in the mid 1800s when gas powered automobiles were invented.1 Soon after, a man named John D. Rockefeller took control of the oil industry by driving his competitors into bankruptcy and then buying them out. In 1870, he formed the Standard Oil Company, which took control of the entire oil industry in the US. This all ended in 1911, when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Standard Oil Company was using illegal monopoly practices. Congress then divided the oil industry into 34 new companies. The image above is a political cartoon drawn by Udo J. Keppler in 1904. It appeared in a magazine, during that time, called ‘Puck’. The picture shows an octopus monster, labeled ‘Standard Oil’, devouring a manufacturing site and wrapping its tentacles around some buildings and people. The octopus is representing J.D. Rockefellers oil industry monopoly. The other figures in this picture are the steel, copper, and shipping industries, which are being crushed under the octopus. Also, the state house and U.S. Capitol located the left and right of the monster are being grabbed. The octopus is reaching towards the White House.1 The four people being attacked seem to be the owners of the other industries, whom are disgruntled by their defeat. This picture’s setting is on top of the globe, which emphasizes the power and strength of the standard oil octopus. The main theme of this drawing is to show how powerful the standard oil company is becoming, how aggres sive and scary it is, and how close it is to grabbing the white house and gaining full control of the country. Could this have played a role in the eventual downfall of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company? Up until World War II, the true value of oil was not entirely known to the US. After WWII, the government quickly realized the full extent of oil value, and started playing a vast role in the oil business. In 1933, the government paid $275,000 to Saudi Arabias King for an oil concession, and this was just the first of many transactions that the government would make with foreign countries. Since then, the value of oil has increased. Today, oil prices are rising drastically, and causing much controversy in public opinion. The problem is that US does not have enough oil supply to fulfill its demand. Due to this, the Bush and Cheney Administration stated that they would focus their attention more on the Middle East for future oil supply. Once the September 11th terrorist attacks occurred, the administration decided to engage Iraq. Many believe that the main reason for this was oil, although, President Bush says that the main reason was because they believed Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Recently, Bush stated that the forces cannot leave Iraq because terrorists will use the oil refineries against us. This cartoon was drawn by S Greenberg and published in the Ventura County Star newspaper in 2003. It shows George W Bush in a blue business suit and army helmet, talking about reasons to go to Iraq. In white quote bubbles, he firsts asks why we must go to Iraq, then in the other bubble, he gives four reasons. These reasons are the same as the ones that he publicly states all the time, such as Saddam’s threat to the US and the threat weapons of mass destruction.1 The humor is how the artist bolded and capitalized the letters ‘O I L’, in the words ‘toil recoil boil and soil’. So if a person reads only the bold letters, they will read ‘oil, oil, oil, oil’ where Bush is explaining the reasons to go to Iraq. Also, Bush’s facial expression and posture show that he is trying to preach something, which adds more of a comical affect. Most citizens know that oil has a large role in the reason why we are in Iraq, even though Bush won’t admit it; cartoons like this one help emphasize that point. Conclusion A lot of times, when organizations, such as the Central Bank and Oil Industries of the US, try to do something immoral or unjust, an artist, somewhere, ends up drawing something about it. These depictions are seen in newspapers, magazines, and now, the Internet. Unfortunately for the organizations, public opinion matters, and visual images can change public opinion from the way they depict the organizations. To conclude, visual imagery can affect the way a country is run in an indirect way. References 1) Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. A History of Central Banking in the United States. Minneapolis, Minnesota. April 25, 2008. minneapolisfed.org/centralbankhistory/bank.cfm Apr 23, 2008. 2) Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Dictionary. Random House, Inc 1997. http://dictionary.infoplease.com. Apr 25, 2008. 3) Andrew Jackson, U.S. President. www.answers.com/topic/andrew-jackson, Apr 25, 2008 4) Mukhtar Amin, Joshua Berkowitz, Suzanne Bremer, Kevin Gallagher, Julie A. Nelson, Brian Roach. Macroeconomics in Context. Global Development And Environment Institute Tufts University, Medford , MA. 5) Strid, Greg. Uncle Sam’s Credit Brothel. splendidmarbles.com/category/cartoonscultural, Apr 23, 2008. 6) Sjuggerud, Steve. History of Oil: The Single Greatest Prize in All History. The Oxford Club, 1999. investmentu.com/IUEL/2004/20040811.html. Apr 27, 2008. 7) Picture History. 1997. www.picturehistory.com/product/id/17529. Apr 27, 2008. 8) Duroy, Quentin. John Davison Rockefeller. Spring 1999. bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/rockefeller/bio1.htm 9) Loven, Jennifer. Bush gives new reason for Iraq war. Associated Press, August 31, 2005. boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/08/31/bush_gives_new_reason _for_iraq_war/. Apr 27, 2008. 10) Bush’s New Benchmark. http://marjorieanndrake.blogspot.com/2007/08/bushs- benchmark-oil- privitazation-mucho.html. Apr 28, 2008. Research Papers on American Central Banking and OilThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Analysis of The Military Strategies of The Campaign of Mantinea essays

Analysis of The Military Strategies of The Campaign of Mantinea essays Analysis Of The Military Strategies Of The Campaign Of Mantinea The Peloponnesian War spanned many, many years in which two main factions, the Spartans and the Athenians, were warring for the domination of Greece along with the many surrounding villages; many with their own agendas. I will be doing an analysis of one particular campaign; the campaign of Mantinea fought in the year 362 B.C.E. To do this I first must bring to light some of the key players in this campaign, especially Epaminondas. Epaminondas, a Theban general, was charged with the task to make the Peloponnese as weak as possible so they may overtake it with the least resistance. To do this the Thebans must play both sides of the war. The Thebans were supposedly allied with the Spartans but in those times that mattered little, treaties were broke and regained on a daily basis. Epaminondas had with him all the Boeotians, the Euboeans and many of the Thessalians; and while the Phocians were bound by treaty to assist the Thebans they found no reasoning in the treaty to justify them assisting with a foreign invasion. This was of little concern to Epaminondas seeing as once they were in the Peloponesse they had the help of the Argives, Messenians, the Tegeans, the Megalopolitans, the Aseans, and the Pallantians. (Xenophon. 396-397) Knowing he had the support of many factions, Epaminondas sped away into Peloponnese. He made it as far as Nemea and decided that this was the only way the Athenian army could come to invade Peloponnese. He assumed any loss to the Athenians would ultimately benefit Thebes and rally his allies and discourage those of the Athenians. Unbeknownst to him the forces opposing Thebes were gathering at Mantinea. Epaminondas' choice to use Nemea, as a striking point to wound the Athenians, was well justified but his intelligence was slow. The Athenians had decided instead of marching to Peloponnese they would sail into the gulf of Argolis...

Residential Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Residential Law - Case Study Example The Council had instructed its employee, Sam, to carry out this work. (Although not specifically mentioned in the judgment, it was assumed that Hazel Khan was expected to pay for this report in the charges made to him by the Southwark Council.) The report to be prepared by Sam should diligently disclose the presence of any settlement cracks between the flat and later extension, which might reduce the value of the flat. Any devaluation in price of flat can be claimed by Hazel Khan. Sam has to declare the current solvability status of the Southwark Council. The Council's professional indemnity insurance has to be valid at all times for any future insurance claim. The Mortgage report to be supplied to Hazel Khan must be in a form which should include all references to Southwalk Council, although Hazel knew that the report had been prepared by a hired and independent valuer. Hazel Khan has the option to rely on this report or may arrange for another independent survey of the property if he chooses to do so. Hazel Khan has the right to criticize any breached a duty of care which the Council owed him in his personal capacity. Sam should accept that Hazel would place reliance upon his report. In order to hold Hazel personally liable in anyway, Hazel had to show that he had assumed responsibility towards the report in his personal capacity. Sam has to bear allegiance that his duty was not to Hazel, but to the Council which employed him and it was on the Council alone that Hazel had relied. It was the Council that had assumed responsibility to Hazel, not he. The report should be cited similar with the case of Yianni v. Edwin Evans & Sons [1982] QB 438, where a firm of valuers and surveyors, engaged by a building society to value a property for mortgage purposes, had been held liable to the purchasers in negligence, despite the purchasers ignoring a recommendation in the mortgage application form that they arrange an independent survey. Another case to cite is in the combined cases of Smith v. Bush and Harris v. Wyre Forest District Council [1990] 1 AC 831. The only real distinction between the present case [Harris] and the case of Yianni is that the valuation was carried out by an in-house valuer. This valuer is discharging the duties of a professional man whether he is employed by the mortgagee or acting on his own account or is employed by a firm of independent surveyors. The essence of the case against him is that he as a professional man realised that the purchaser was relying on him to exercise proper skill and judgment in his profe ssion and that it was reasonable and fair that the purchaser should do so. Sam has to owe a consistent duty of care and Hazel to rely on professional valuer just as in Yianni and Harris where the plaintiffs never even saw the valuation report. But they are to be taken to have relied on the professional skill and care of the individual person who carried it out. It is made clear that a professionally qualified person giving advice may owe a duty of care to an effective recipient of that advice in addition to the duty owed to their employers. This has to be confined strictly to those who may be termed professionally qualified people as in the case of Sam and Hazel, because it would depend on the full circumstances in which advice was given, rather than to any label appropriate to the adviser. In any